These days few people “see the light” or any light
at all, on the road to Damascus, like Saul of Tarsus witnessed when converting
to the Christian faith. This is hardly surprising, but what is dangerous is
that so few people see the light of reason. Apocalypse is occurring in the very
places where humanity established the first building blocs of civilization, it is
spreading fast throughout the entire region and there is not much that can be
done to help.
The light
that blinds
Many years have passed by, since the Age of Enlightenment
pressed the use of reason to reform society, casting aside superstitious
beliefs, fighting intolerance and curbing the excessive power of churches and states.
It is absolutely appalling to observe, as late as this century, the revival of
obscurantist and religious sects, zealots and extremists, bigots warring among
themselves, bent on spreading terrorism all over the world. They cannot see the
light of reason, their minds having been blinded by the light of conflicting
faiths.
Mediterranean
rot
Around the rim of the Mediterranean Sea, things are
rotting fast. What used to be the center of the world, the middle of the Earth,
has become nothing more than the crowded backwaters of old civilizations harboring
even older resentments. Disgruntled peoples were left behind to live side by
side, by a history of neighbors trying to annihilate neighbors.
The countries on the European side are on a
descending curve of faltering democracies, discredited political parties, economic
decline, towering financial debts, broken welfare states, raising unemployment
and declining birth rates.
Those on the African side (Morocco, Algeria,
Tunisia, Egypt) are making brave attempts, although not very successful, to
establish less authoritarian regimes and independent institutions, modernize
their societies and reduce crippling administrative corruption, develop the
economy to keep pace with galloping reproduction rates by creating enough jobs
for the new generations.
The Middle East is an expanding bonfire of
pre-civil wars (Egypt, maybe Lebanon), civil wars (Syria), post foreign
interventions (Iraq), decomposing theocracies (Iran) and sheikhdoms buying relative
internal peace by bribing their citizens and financing terrorist groups outside
their borders (Saudi Arabia and the other oil States of the Gulf). Then there
is the case of Turkey’s surreptitious Islamization of the institutions, a
regression from Mustafa Kemal’s reforms (yes, Turkey has one important toe in
Europe, but most of its territory and the capital are in Asia).
Reason
and fantasy
The dreamland that fills the minds of a large part
of mankind is full of portents, prophets and supernatural beliefs, which
provide an escape to the dreariness of daily life. Most of those beliefs
originated in the Middle East and superstitions were a part of those building
blocs that were the seeds of civilizations.
It is not easy to grow out of custom, some
societies got stuck in traditional ways of life and progress reaches very slowly
the old mindsets. Sadly, this is the present condition of some nations that
were in the past beacons of brilliant civilizations (Pharaohs’ Egypt, Persia, the
Ottoman Empire).
Progress
and retrogress
Evolving towards democratic institutions is a long
process, strewn with difficulties and pitfalls. Reforms are hard to implement
and even harder to maintain.
The ancient Greeks had a first go at it, balancing
between oligarchy and democracy. Still, their finest time came with the rule by
Pericles, a populist oligarch, the golden age marking also the beginning of the
end for Athens. They originality later vanished into becoming another Roman
conquest, a source of teachers and philosophers for the aristocracy.
The Romans created a successful Republic and later
turned it into an Empire. Everybody learns today that the assassination of
Julius Caesar was actually intended as a last ditch defense of the Republic.
The Roman Empire later fell under the invasion of the barbarians and the long night of the Middle Ages
extended over the known world.
Although a couple of merchant city-states called
themselves republics during this period, it was necessary to wait until the
eighteen century for the American Colonies to revolt and become a democracy and
a Republic. Then, the French Revolution also eventually organized itself as a
Republic, before degenerating into an Empire and engulfing Europe in war.
The paths towards democracy, in Europe and
elsewhere, have a very checkered history. In many countries democracy is still
a work in progress, while in others it is already a decaying regime.
Another hand of cards
All this to say that it is only natural for the
southern and eastern Mediterranean countries (many of them being recent and artificial
colonial contraptions), to go through the convulsions associated with the birth of
democratic institutions. This is an important empowerment for their citizens,
the majority of them still poorly schooled and with centuries of irrational
beliefs embedded in their minds. It will take perseverance to overcome the odds
stacked against success and accept the many inevitable failures.
They
will also need to see off foreign interventions and competing interests, as
well as to exhaust the inertia of ancestral sectarian hatred. It will take a long
time, they should have all the time necessary, but the world moves ever faster
these days and everybody else has already lost patience with the laggards. Not
that there is any alternative to make do with the world as it is.
JSR